There are many types of noodles to be found in the local stores, dried and fresh. Here is a starting point:
麺: noodles
うどん: udon
そうめん: somen
ラーメン: ramen
蕎麦, そば: soba
焼きそば: yakisoba
スパゲティ: spaghetti
しらたき: shirataki noodles (konnyaku noodles)
とうふ麺: tofu noodles